China: Political System After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, foreign observers prophesied a similar fate to the People’s Republic of China and its communist party, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). However, the political reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping and the resulting enormous economic growth raised hopes of the democratization of China in the… Read More »
Hunan Province is located south of the large lake Dongting (Dongtinghu). This circumstance influenced the name of the region, which is translated into Russian as “Province to the South of the Lake”. Mesmerizing landscapes of secluded mountain ranges and karst peaks occupy more than 80% of the territory. Bare beige cliffs rise solemnly above the… Read More »
Overview Tibet, the “roof of the world” in the legendary Himalayas, is a land of spirituality, golden monasteries and breathtaking mountain landscapes. Many travelers come to Tibet mainly to get to know the impressive Buddhist temples, the wonderful high mountain scenery or the huge blue salt lakes. Excursions such as a train ride on the… Read More »
Overview Taiwan is one of the least-heralded travel destinations in all of Asia, as the enchanting island’s rapid development into an economic and industrial powerhouse overshadows its incredible array of natural, historical and culinary highlights. Taiwan is a fascinating blend of technical innovation, traditional Chinese culture and indigenous traditions. It is the only place on… Read More »
Overview The historic center of Macau has held great strategic and cultural importance for centuries, a fact recognized by its 2005 UNESCO World Heritage listing. Portuguese colonial buildings and East Asian flair form a unit that is well worth seeing in Macau. Macau is also home to tranquil countryside, historic Chinese villages and pine-clad mountains.… Read More »
Overview Visually stunning Hong Kong is a hotbed of power shopping combined with fascinating Chinese traditions. The metropolis’ popularity with tourists from across Asia, its status as a major stopover point on the way to anywhere in the world and its financial importance make Hong Kong one of the most interesting cities in existence. Hong… Read More »
Overview China is a country in Asia according to thesciencetutor. China is an emerging country where ancient traditions coexist with modern marvels of engineering and architecture. The incredible energy of this vast country, whose people are breaking free of the chains of the past and rushing into the future, is immense, making this (perhaps only)… Read More »
The East China Sea (in Chinese Tung hai) is limited to the West by China, to the South. by the island of Formosa, which separates it from the South China Sea, to the East by the Ryū-Kyū Islands, to the North by the coast Japan and Korea. The extended N basin of this sea, beyond… Read More »
The government has paid particular attention to the country’s communications system, especially the road network which has greatly developed in recent years. It should be noted that, for a country as large as China, good car roads are practically more useful than railways, which are much longer and more expensive to build, if you consider… Read More »
Finance. – Various factors have adversely affected Chinese finances: the contraction in international trade, the need for greater spending on defense and internal order, the reorganization of regional finances and relief to populations affected by floods, the loss of income from the tax on salt and customs in Manchuria and also the serious damage (up… Read More »
Administrative divisions. – In 1929 the national government decided to proceed with a new official administrative division of China into 28 provinces, with the annexation of some neighboring territories, which had already been under the Chinese influence for centuries. In this way they were added to the 18 traditional provinces: 1 ° Manchuria, with three… Read More »
Climate The climate of China is clearly differentiated. The external China, both to the West and to the North (Inner Mongolia) of China propria, has continental climates characterized by average annual temperatures of 5-10 ° C (even lower in the mountains and high-altitude plateaus), strong thermal excursions, generally very low rainfall (200-400 mm per year).… Read More »
The first names of authors found in Chinese literature belong to philosophers; nevertheless, the Chinese expression for philosophy, zhexue, is a neologism coined on Western languages. The Chinese term zi, which is found in many of the names of ancient Chinese thinkers, is generally rendered as “philosopher”, where it actually means “teacher”. The first schools… Read More »
The last fifty years are one of the most important periods of all Chinese literature, not so much for the value of the works or for the reputation of the authors, but for the revolutionary and innovative character that, in relation to the ancient, the new literature knew to have. This, in fact, saw the… Read More »
The fall of the empire and the advent of the republic in 1912 were followed by a profound cultural upheaval, which was first called the Literary Revolution but which, after the student demonstration of May 4, 1919, ended up identifying itself with the May 4 Movement (wusi yundong). One of the main aspects of the… Read More »
Since the mid-1970s, Chinese literature has taken a particularly interesting turn. With the removal from the leadership and the condemnation of the so-called “ gang of four ” (1976), new trends begin to appear, always experimental, but no longer necessarily linked to the model of socialist realism. Among the first is Liu Xin-wu, author of… Read More »
According to computerminus, the first document of certain literary value is the Shijing (“Book of Odes”), whose oldest compositions seem to date back to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. The Book of Odes includes 305 compositions and is divided into 3 parts (Feng, Ya, Song), which are in turn divided into other minor… Read More »
According to equzhou, the literature of popular China is still inspired by the principles established at the Yenan Conference of 1942 when it was established that “writers must write for the people… they must serve the four social classes (workers, peasants, soldiers, petty bourgeois), writing about their life and their struggles; expressing their thoughts and… Read More »
According to cancermatters, the most recent theories challenge the concept of Chinese literature by redefining it in linguistic-cultural rather than national terms: the boundaries of analysis are wider and vague and fade into the concept of ‘synophonic literature’, developed by Shu-mei Shih (2007, p. 4) in a centrifugal sense, including only phenomena of a marginal… Read More »
LANGUAGE It is customary to distinguish the Chinese language into ‘spoken’ and ‘written’. The spoken Chinese language (Hanyu), used by 97% of the population and distinct from the languages of the 54 recognized national minorities, is classified into 7 main dialect groups, among which the Northern dialect group (beifanghua) formed the basis of the language… Read More »
Industry. – Since 1949, Chinese economic policy has favored the secondary sector in terms of investments, with the consequence that the value of industrial production grew between 1949 and 1978 by 38.3% (with a peak of 90.6% in the heavy industry), while agriculture only by 2.4%. But beyond the valid successes achieved in the industrial exploitation… Read More »
Also in 1969, China Popolare detonates its first atomic bomb, while stating that it will never be the first to use this weapon. It is a great achievement of Chinese science and industry, which, the following year, will be able to put the first Chinese artificial satellite into orbit. Chinese foreign policy has some interesting… Read More »
In 1965 an article of criticism of a contemporary historical drama brought to the theatrical stage gave rise to a great movement that would have involved the whole of China in violent clashes for a few years. What was called the “great proletarian cultural revolution” began. On the walls of the buildings appear the first… Read More »
According to youremailverifier, the period that begins in 1960 has been defined as one of the most difficult that the People’s Republic of China has gone through. It was precisely in that year, in fact, that the Soviet Union, until then an ally of China, suddenly withdrew, after a harsh verbal attack by Khrushchev, all… Read More »
According to themotorcyclers, the definition of the territory under Chinese sovereignty continues to be one of the points to which the government pays the most attention. The most significant recent event in this regard was the return of Hong Kong (1997), which was assured, for more 50 years, one status specific, preserving the acquired socio-economic structure. Hong… Read More »
According to relationshipsplus, Chang Kai-shek has tenaciously continued, under the aegis of the Kuomintang, his work of unification and reconstruction. According to Whang Ching Wei, former head of the executive, China still suffers “from general weakness, in the internal situation and in its capacity for development, from heart weakness, due to the lack of political… Read More »
On February 12, 1912, the final renunciation of the throne by the last emperor, the child Pu Yi, opened a new phase in Chinese history. In October of the previous year, a victorious revolution had led to the proclamation of the republic. After Pu Yi was deposed, General Yuan Shikai, commander of the best troops… Read More »
The People’s Republic of China (PRC), founded in 1949 by the Communist Party of China (CPC) which has led it since then, is one of the major powers internationally. The ideology of the CPC is socialist, but with ‘Chinese characteristics’ and among the guidelines appear not only the fundamental texts of Marxism-Leninism, but also the… Read More »
The mythological origin of the monarchy lay in the Tsangpo valley, where the first legendary king Nyatri Tsenpo was in 127 BC. Supposed to have founded the Yarlung dynasty, which existed until around 842 AD. Under their 33rd King Srongtsan Gampo (around 629–649), Tibet quickly became the dominant power in Central Asia; it extended from… Read More »
Confucianism of, – based on Confucius declining worldview or philosophy widespread, especially in China, but also in other parts of East Asia (especially Japan). Its founder felt himself to be a »narrator«, and in his teaching he combined numerous older v. a. social ideas that made Confucianism a complex and therefore very adaptable school of… Read More »